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The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible fruit. Due to its long history of cultivation for fruit, its exact native distribution is unknown, but probably originated somewhere in the desert oases of northern Africa, and perhaps also southwest Asia. It is a medium-sized tree, 15–25 m tall, often clumped with several trunks from a single root system, but often growing singly as well. The leaves are pinnate, 3–5 m long, with spines on the petiole and about 150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30 cm long and 2 cm broad. The full span of the crown ranges from 6–10 m.

Date Palms

The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible…

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 - June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure.

Henry George (September 2, 1839 - October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and the most influential proponent of the "Single Tax" on land, also known as the land value tax.

Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 - October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and the most…

Benjamin Chew (November 19, 1722 – January 20, 1810) was a fifth-generation American, a Quaker-born legal scholar, a prominent and successful Philadelphia lawyer, head of the Pennsylvania Judiciary System under both Colony and Commonwealth, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Province of Pennsylvania. Chew was well known for his precision and brevity in making legal arguments as well as his excellent memory, judgment, and knowledge of statutory law. His primary allegiance was to the supremacy of law and constitution. Pictured here is the residence of Justice Chew.

Chew's House

Benjamin Chew (November 19, 1722 – January 20, 1810) was a fifth-generation American, a Quaker-born…

A political cartoon released by the Democratic Party mocking the Hartford Convention candidate.

Handbill Issued by Democratic Party

A political cartoon released by the Democratic Party mocking the Hartford Convention candidate.

Morgan Dix (born November 1, 1827 in New York City; died April 29, 1908) was an American priest, "divine" (a theologian) and religious author. The son of John A. Dix and Catherine Morgan, he was educated at Columbia College and the General Theological Seminary. For almost fifty-three years, he was identified with Trinity Church, New York, of which he became assistant minister in 1855 and rector in 1862. As well as being a very active churchman, Dix also wrote widely about the practice of Christianity. Among his major works are Commentaries on Romans and on Galatians and Colossians; The Calling of a Christian Woman; The Seven Deadly Sins; The Sacramental System; and Lectures on the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI.

Morgan Dix

Morgan Dix (born November 1, 1827 in New York City; died April 29, 1908) was an American priest, "divine"…

An illustration of a roman coin (denarius). The left side represents the laurel-crowned head of Titus. The right side depicts a female sitting underneath a palm tree with helmets behind her. The Roman currency system included the denarius after 211 BC, a small silver coin, and it was the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased until its replacement by the antoninianus.

Roman Coins (Denarius)

An illustration of a roman coin (denarius). The left side represents the laurel-crowned head of Titus.…

An illustration of crusaders before Jerusalem. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents. Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims, though campaigns were also directed against pagan Slavs, Jews, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia.

Crusaders

An illustration of crusaders before Jerusalem. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a…

Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran, American political leader, and orator during the Golden Age of Freethought, noted for his broad range of culture and his defense of agnosticism.

Robert Green Ingersoll

Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899) was a Civil War veteran, American…

Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile and León. She and her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, laid the foundation for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Isabella of Castille

Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile and León. She and…

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

Contour System

In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height)…

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military…

(1791-1839) an American political leader, lawyer, and captain in the War of 1812.

Robert Young Hayne

(1791-1839) an American political leader, lawyer, and captain in the War of 1812.

Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. It usually controlled Democratic Party nominations and patronage in Manhattan from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 up to (but not including) the election of Fiorello La Guardia in 1934, whereupon it weakened and collapsed.

Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New…

Richard Mentor Johnson (October 17, 1780 or 1781 – November 19, 1850) was the ninth Vice President of the United States, serving in the administration of Martin Van Buren. He was the only vice-president ever elected by the United States Senate under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment. Johnson also represented Kentucky in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate and began and ended his political career in the Kentucky House of Representatives.

Richard Mentor Johnson's Monument

Richard Mentor Johnson (October 17, 1780 or 1781 – November 19, 1850) was the ninth Vice President…

Newspapers and speakers especially condemned the "land embargo" — the cutting-off trade with Canada. The trade so suddenly thrown into confusion by it was represented in a caricature by a bewildered serpent which had been suddenly stopped in its movements by two trees, marked, respectively, "Embargo" and "Non-Importation Act." The wondering snake is puzzled to know what has happened, and the head cries out, "What's the matter, tail?" The latter answers, "I can't get out." A cock, representing France, stands by, joyfully.

Non Importation Act

Newspapers and speakers especially condemned the "land embargo" — the cutting-off trade with Canada.…

The Texas Ranger Division, commonly called the Texas Rangers, is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction based in Austin, the capital of Texas, in the United States. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption, acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force at the service of both the Republic (1836–45) and the state of Texas.

Texas Rangers

The Texas Ranger Division, commonly called the Texas Rangers, is a law enforcement agency with statewide…

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.

Samuel Jones Tilden

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S.…

The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation. The battle took place outside Prophetstown, near present-day Battle Ground, Indiana, and was part of what is sometimes known as Tecumseh's War, which continued into the War of 1812. The battle was an important political and symbolic victory for the American forces.

Tippecanoe Battle Ground in 1860

The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry…

Robert Augustus Toombs (July 2, 1810 – December 15, 1885) was an American political leader, Secretary of State of the Confederacy, and a Confederate general in the Civil War.

Robert Augustus Toombs

Robert Augustus Toombs (July 2, 1810 – December 15, 1885) was an American political leader, Secretary…

Benjamin Franklin Tracy (April 26, 1830 – August 6, 1915) was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison. Tracy was a lawyer active in Republican Party politics during the 1850s. During the Civil War, he commanded the 109th New York Infantry Regiment, and served as a Union brigadier general. He was awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of the Wilderness on May 6, 1864.

Benjamin Franklin Tracy

Benjamin Franklin Tracy (April 26, 1830 – August 6, 1915) was a United States political figure…

Diagrammatic transverse section of abdomen, to show the peritoneum on transverse tracing. A, at level of foramen of Winslow. B, lower down. In A note, one of the vasa brevia arteris passing to the stomach between the layers of the gastrosplenic omentum, and also the foramen of Winslow leading into the lesser sac which lies behind the stomach.

Transverse Section of Abdomen

Diagrammatic transverse section of abdomen, to show the peritoneum on transverse tracing. A, at level…

Two diagrams to illustrate the development of the intestinal canal. The figure to the right shows the rotation of the intestinal loop round the superior mesenteric artery. In both figures the parts are supposed to be viewed from the left side.

Development of the Intestinal Canal

Two diagrams to illustrate the development of the intestinal canal. The figure to the right shows the…

Henry Laurens (March 6, 1724 – December 8, 1792) was an American merchant and rice planter from South Carolina who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War.

Henry Laurens

Henry Laurens (March 6, 1724 – December 8, 1792) was an American merchant and rice planter from…

Dr. Francis Lieber (March 18, 1800 – October 2, 1872) was a German-American jurist and political philosopher. He is most widely known as the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War.

Francis Lieber

Dr. Francis Lieber (March 18, 1800 – October 2, 1872) was a German-American jurist and political philosopher.…

John Alexander Logan (February 8, 1826 – December 26, 1886) was an American soldier and political leader. He served in the Mexican-American War and was a General in the Union Army in the American Civil War. Senator from Illinois.

John Alexander Logan

John Alexander Logan (February 8, 1826 – December 26, 1886) was an American soldier and political…

John Davis Long (October 27, 1838 – August 28, 1915) was a U.S. political figure. He served as Governor of Massachusetts between 1880 and 1883. He later served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1902.

John Davis Long

John Davis Long (October 27, 1838 – August 28, 1915) was a U.S. political figure. He served as Governor…

William M. Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878), sometimes informally called Boss Tweed, was an American politician who was convicted for stealing between 40 million and 200 million dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption. Tweed was head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. He died in jail.

William Marcy Tweed

William M. Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878), sometimes informally called Boss Tweed, was an…

Seth Low (January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916), born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City.

Seth Low

Seth Low (January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916), born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator…

Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. It is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee" or "arabica coffee". Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee. Wild plants grow to between 9 and 12 m tall, and have an open branching system; the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6-12 cm long and 4-8 cm broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10-15 mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe (though commonly called a "berry") 10-15 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contain two seeds (the coffee 'bean').

Coffea Arabica

Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. It is also known as the "coffee…

Artemas Ward (November 26, 1727 &ndash; October 28, 1800) was an American major general in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts. President John Adams described him as <em>"...universally esteemed, beloved and confided in by his army and his country."</em> Ward was much more effective as a political leader than as a soldier.

Artemas Ward

Artemas Ward (November 26, 1727 – October 28, 1800) was an American major general in the American…

George Edwin Waring was born in Poundridge, NY, July 4, 1833. He was agricultural engineer of Central Park, New York City in 1857. He was the drainage engineer of the park until the Civil War broke out, when he entered the Union army as major of the 39th New York Volunteers, and later served as colonel of the 4th Missouri Cavalry, till its close. After the epidemic of yellow fever in Memphis in 1878, he changed the sewerage system of the city on an original plan, which was adopted in many cities of the United States.

George Edwin Waring

George Edwin Waring was born in Poundridge, NY, July 4, 1833. He was agricultural engineer of Central…

An illustration of a portion of a date palm leaf. The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible fruit. Due to its long history of cultivation for fruit, its exact native distribution is unknown, but probably originated somewhere in the desert oases of northern Africa, and perhaps also southwest Asia. It is a medium-sized tree, 15&ndash;25 m tall, often clumped with several trunks from a single root system, but often growing singly as well. The leaves are pinnate, 3&ndash;5 m long, with spines on the petiole and about 150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30 cm long and 2 cm broad. The full span of the crown ranges from 6&ndash;10 m.

Date Palm Leaf

An illustration of a portion of a date palm leaf. The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the…

In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, pew deeds recorded title to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. Pictured here is George Washington's family pew at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in New York.

Washington's Pew at St. Paul's, New York

In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property;…

Dracaena is a genus of about 40 species of trees and succulent shrubs classified in the family Ruscaceae in the APG II system, or, according to some treatments, separated (sometimes with Cordyline) into a family of their own, Dracaenaceae or in the Agavaceae. The majority of the species are native in Africa, with a few in southern Asia and one in tropical Central America. The segregate genus Pleomele is now generally included in Dracaena. The genus Sanseviera is closely related, and has recently been synonymized under Dracaena in the Kubitzki system.

Dracaena

Dracaena is a genus of about 40 species of trees and succulent shrubs classified in the family Ruscaceae…

An illustration of an earthworm. The basic body plan of an earthworm is a tube, the digestive system, within a tube, the muscular outer body. The body is annular, formed of segments that are most specialized in the anterior. Earthworms have a simple circulatory system. They have two main blood vessels that extend through the length of their body: a ventral blood vessel which leads the blood to the posterior end, and a dorsal blood vessel which leads to the anterior end. Most earthworms are decomposers feeding on undecayed leaf and other plant matter, others are more geophagous.

Earthworm

An illustration of an earthworm. The basic body plan of an earthworm is a tube, the digestive system,…

Tracheal system of a fly larva. Labels: Tr, longitudinal stem of right side; St', St", anterior and posterior stigmata.

Tracheal System of Fly Larva

Tracheal system of a fly larva. Labels: Tr, longitudinal stem of right side; St', St", anterior and…

Circulatory and nervous system of a snail. Labels: F, tentacles; Oe, esophagus; Cg, cerebral ganglion; Pg, pedal ganglion and otocyst; Vg, visceral ganglion; Phg, pharyngeal ganglion; A, abdominal aorta; Ac, cephalic aorta; V, veins; V c, brachial veins; Br, gills.

Circulatory and Nervous System of a Snail

Circulatory and nervous system of a snail. Labels: F, tentacles; Oe, esophagus; Cg, cerebral ganglion;…

Anterior part of the circulatory system of an annelid. The arrows indicate the direction of the flow. H, heart-like enlargement of the commissural vessel.

Circulatory System of an Annelid

Anterior part of the circulatory system of an annelid. The arrows indicate the direction of the flow.…

Circulatory and respiratory system of the crayfish. C-heart with three pairs of ostia; Ps, pericardium; Ac, cephalic aorta; A, ab, abdominal aorta; As, sternal artery. The arrows indicate the direction of the flow.

Circulatory and Respiratory System of a Crayfish

Circulatory and respiratory system of the crayfish. C-heart with three pairs of ostia; Ps, pericardium;…

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of a flatworm. A, part of the excretory apparatus of a tapeworm; R, edge of body; c, collecting tubules. B, terminal cells with flame of cilia. C, diagram of terminal cell, excretory capillary, and canal.

Protonephridium

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of a flatworm. A, part of the excretory apparatus…

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of an annelid. Labels: Wtr, ciliated funnels; Ds, dissepiments.

Protonephridium of an Annelid

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of an annelid. Labels: Wtr, ciliated funnels; Ds,…

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of a shark. Labels: Wtr, ciliated funnels; Ug, segmental duct.

Protonephridium of a Shark

Structure of the protonephridium (excretory organ) of a shark. Labels: Wtr, ciliated funnels; Ug, segmental…

Diagram of the nervous system of a starfish. N, nerve ring.

Nervous System of the Starfish

Diagram of the nervous system of a starfish. N, nerve ring.

Nervous system of a flatworm. Labels: G, cerebral ganglia and eyes; St, the two lateral nerve trunks; D, intestine with mouth.

Nervous System of the Flatworm

Nervous system of a flatworm. Labels: G, cerebral ganglia and eyes; St, the two lateral nerve trunks;…

Nervous system of the larva of a ladybug. Labels: Gfr, frontal ganglion; G, cerebral ganglia; Sg, subcesophageal ganglion; G'-G", ganglia of the ventral chain.

Nervous System of a Ladybug Larva

Nervous system of the larva of a ladybug. Labels: Gfr, frontal ganglion; G, cerebral ganglia; Sg, subcesophageal…

Nervous system of an adult ladybug. Ag, optic ganglion.

Nervous System of a Ladybug

Nervous system of an adult ladybug. Ag, optic ganglion.

A, Diagrammatic transverse section through the body of a vertebrate. B, A similar section through a highly organized invertebrate animal. Labels: a, neural canal; b, cerebrospinal nerve center; c, notochord; d, sympathetic nerve center; e, alimentary canal; f, visceral canal wall; g, haemal system.

Vertebrate and Invertebrate

A, Diagrammatic transverse section through the body of a vertebrate. B, A similar section through a…

Lachlan McIntosh (March 17, 1725 &ndash; February 20, 1806) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolution and the early United States.

Lachlan McIntosh

Lachlan McIntosh (March 17, 1725 – February 20, 1806) was an American military and political leader…

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 &ndash; April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code.

Samuel Finley Breese Morse

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits…

A caricature celebrating the victory of the USS <em>Wasp</em> over the <em>HMS Frolic</em> and the accompanying rhyme."A <em>Wasp</em> took a <em>Frolic</em> and met Johnny Bull,Who always fights best when his belly is full.The <em>Wasp</em> thought him hungry by his mouth open wide,So, his belly to fill, put a sting in his side"

A Wasp on a Frolic

A caricature celebrating the victory of the USS Wasp over the HMS Frolic and the accompanying…

Cirsium arvense is a species of Cirsium, native throughout Europe and northern Asia, and widely introduced elsewhere. The standard English name in its native area is Creeping Thistle. It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant, forming extensive clonal colonies from an underground root system that sends up numerous erect stems each spring, reaching 1&ndash;1.2 m tall (occasionally more); the stems often lie partly flat by summer but can stay erect if supported by other vegetation. The leaves are very spiny, lobed, up to 15&ndash;20 cm long and 2&ndash;3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem). The inflorescence is 10&ndash;22 mm diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The flowers are usually dioecious, but not invariably so, with some plants bearing hermaphrodite flowers. The seeds are 4&ndash;5 mm long, with a feathery pappus which assists in wind dispersal.

Canada Thistle

Cirsium arvense is a species of Cirsium, native throughout Europe and northern Asia, and widely introduced…

Marinus Willett (July 31, 1740 – August 22, 1830) was an American soldier and political leader from New York. He was characterized by historian Mark M. Boatner as "one of the truly outstanding American leaders of the Revolution." Marinus Willett served in the militia during the French and Indian War. He received a commission as 2nd lieutenant in a New York regiment under the command of Oliver DeLancey Sr. which took part in General James Abercrombie's expedition to Fort Ticonderoga in 1758. During the early stages of the American Revolution, Willett became an informal leader of the Sons of Liberty in New York City.

Marinus Willett

Marinus Willett (July 31, 1740 – August 22, 1830) was an American soldier and political leader from…

A political cartoon discussing Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, an officer in the United States Navy.

Political Cartoon about Oliver Hazard Perry

A political cartoon discussing Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, an officer in the United States Navy.

The brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, (sometimes called the eastern brook trout, Adirondack coaster lake trout) is a species of fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. The brook trout is native to small streams, creeks, lakes, and spring ponds. Some brook trout are anadromous. It is native to a wide area of eastern North America but increasingly confined to higher elevations southward in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, Canada from the Hudson Bay basin east, the Great Lakes&ndash;Saint Lawrence system, and the upper Mississippi River drainage as far west as eastern Iowa.

Brook Trout

The brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, (sometimes called the eastern brook trout, Adirondack coaster…

John Winthrop (12 January 1588 – 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor in October 1629. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times. Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, he was criticized for his obstinacy regarding the formation of a general assembly in 1634.

John Winthrop

John Winthrop (12 January 1588 – 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World,…

An illustration of the Order of the Garter Star. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry, or knighthood, originating in medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients in any of the Commonwealth realms; it is the pinnacle of the honors system in the United Kingdom. Membership in the order is limited to the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and no more than twenty-four members, or Companions; the order also comprises Supernumerary knights and ladies (e.g., members of the British Royal Family and foreign monarchs).

Order of the Garter Star

An illustration of the Order of the Garter Star. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry,…

An illustration of a sea fern fossil from the carboniferous period. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 &plusmn; 2.5 Ma (million years ago), to the beginning of the Permian period, about 299.0 &plusmn; 0.8 Ma.

Sea Fern Fossil

An illustration of a sea fern fossil from the carboniferous period. The Carboniferous is a geologic…

Fernando Wood (June 14, 1812 – February 14, 1881) is famous for being one of the most colorful mayors in the history of New York. He was chairman of the chief young men's political organization in 1839 and was a member of the Tammany Society, which he used as a vehicle for his political rise. Wood served as Mayor of New York from 1855 to 1862. During this time a police feud developed between the New York Municipal Police and the Metropolitan Police Force. This feud led to increased gang activity due to the police rivaling one another rather than upholding the law. Wood was one of many New York Democrats sympathetic to the Confederacy, called 'Copperheads' by the staunch Unionists. In January 1861, Wood suggested to the City Council that New York secede and declare itself a free city.

Fernando Wood

Fernando Wood (June 14, 1812 – February 14, 1881) is famous for being one of the most colorful mayors…

Josiah Quincy III (February 4, 1772 – July 1, 1864) was a U.S. educator and political figure. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Mayor of Boston , and President of Harvard University.

Josiah Quincy

Josiah Quincy III (February 4, 1772 – July 1, 1864) was a U.S. educator and political figure. He was…